According to the General Education Department: All work must be original, reflecting the student’s own ideas and work. Plagiarism is using someone else’s work (exact words, paraphrased thoughts, ideas, etc.) without giving proper credit.
In-text citations are used to point to a specific source in the reference list. This indicates that the ideas in the cited sentence were pulled from that source. Each in-text citation must correspond to a source in the reference list, and each source in the reference list must be cited at least once in the body of the paper. Proper use of in-text citations and a reference list helps writers avoid plagiarism.
(Printz, 2012)
Narrative Citation Ex: In her study of 312 participants, Printz (2012) confirmed that riding a bike without a helmet is dangerous.
Parenthetical Citation Ex: The study of 312 participants confirmed that riding a bike without a helmet is dangerous (Printz, 2012).
(Hunter & Simmons, 2015)
Parenthetical Citation Ex: Golden retrievers are the friendliest breed of dog in the United States (Hunter & Simmons, 2015).
Narrative Citation Ex: According to Hunter & Simmons (2015), golden retrievers are the friendliest breed of dog in the United States.
(Cooney et al., 2013)
Parenthetical Citation Ex: Hand washing before meals contributes to decreased likelihood of sickness (Cooney et al., 2013).
Narrative Citation Ex: Cooney et al. (2013) state that washing before meals contributes to decreased likelihood of sickness.
Parenthetical Citation Ex: One of the best and easiest ways to keep from getting sick is to have good hand hygiene (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013).
Narrative Citation Ex: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2019), washing your hands is one of the best ways to stay healthy and avoid getting sick.
Parenthetical Citation Ex: It is important to use soap and water when washing your hands (CDC, 2019).
Narrative Citation Ex: The CDC (2019) goes on to stress the importance of using soap and water to wash your hands.
Personal communications are not included in your reference list. Instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in your main text only.
Parenthetical Citation Ex: Project X was projected to be completed early 2003 (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
Narrative Citation Ex: A.P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).
(Kruse, 2015, p.60)
Parenthetical Citation Ex: Although some believe "mint jelly is the classic accompaniment to lamb", many will argue that cream cheese is the best option (Kruse, 2015, p.60).
Narrative Citation Ex: According to Kruse (2015), "American consumers naturally associate jelly with peanut butter" (p. 60), but I'd rather have peanut butter with bananas.
Long direct quotes are formatted as a free-standing block of text with no quotation marks, also known as a block quote. The quote starts on a new line and the quote paragraph is indented 1/2 inch from the left margin. Here's an example of a block quote cited narratively.
According to Emrich et al. (2012):
Addressing the burden of diet-related chronic diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer, has received much attention,leading Canadian public health policy-makers to recommend priority interventions to improve the quality of dietary intakes.FOP systems have been proposed as one such intervention and consist of symbols placed on a food package to provide summary information about the nutritional characteristics of foods. While Canada has some regulated nutrition labelling tools, FOP systems are unregulated and a variety of systems are currently in use. (p. 260)
Alternatively, you can cite the block quote parenthetically by including the author name(s) and year in the parenthesis at the end, separated by commas.
Researchers have stated that:
Addressing the burden of diet-related chronic diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer, has received much attention, leading Canadian public health policy-makers to recommend priority interventions to improve the quality of dietary intakes. FOP systems have been proposed as one such intervention and consist of symbols placed on a food package to provide summary information about the nutritional characteristics of foods. While Canada has some regulated nutrition labelling tools, FOP systems are unregulated and a variety of systems are currently in use. (Emrich et al., 2012, p. 260)